Estimation

  • 3d estimation

    Performs a three dimensional estimation of analytical data. Can also estimate analytical data sourced from other fields, or map data onto an external grid.

  • 2d estimation

    Performs a two dimensional estimation of analytical data. Can also estimate analytical data sourced from other fields, or map data onto an external grid.

  • cross validation

    Performs cross validation of estimation results.

  • gridding and horizons

    Create complex grids and estimate data into horizons.

  • analytical realization

    Perform Fast Geostatistical Realizations of analytical data.

  • stratigraphic realization

    Perform Fast Geostatistical Realizations of stratigraphic data.

  • lithologic realization

    Perform Fast Geostatistical Realizations of lithologic data.

  • lithologic assessment

    Perform assessment of lithologic data quality.

  • external kriging

    The external kriging will output both data and a grid in the simple GeoEAS format.

Subsections of Estimation

3d estimation

3d estimation performs parameter estimation using kriging and other methods to map 3D analytical data onto volumetric grids defined by the limits of the data set, or by the convex hull, rectilinear, or finite-difference grid extents of a geologic system modeled by gridding and horizons. The module provides several convenient options for pre- and post-processing input parameter values, and allows the user to consider anisotropy in the medium containing the property.

3d estimation also has the ability to create uniform fields, and allows the user to choose which data components to include in the output. Uniform fields require no geologic input and Adaptive Gridding must be turned off (otherwise the connectivity is not implicit).

The DrillGuide functionality produces a new input data file with a synthetic boring at the location of maximum uncertainty calculated from the previous kriging estimates, which can then be rerun to find the next area of highest uncertainty. There are no limits to the number of cycles that may be run.

Variogram Options:

There are three variogram options:

  1. Spherical: the default and recommended choice for most applications
  2. Exponential: generally gives similar results to Spherical and may be superior for some datasets
  3. Gaussian: notoriously unstable, but can “smooth” your data with an appropriate nugget. Without a nugget term, Gaussian is generally unusable. If Gaussian kriging is overshooting the plume in various directions, the nugget is likely too small; if the plume looks overly smooth, the nugget is likely too big.

The “Power Factor” is only used for exponential or Gaussian variograms. The default value of 3 is the most common value for exponential. For Gaussian, 2 is most common, though values from 0.1 to 3 are typically acceptable.

Advanced Variography Options:

3d estimation supports complex directional anisotropic variography. The variogram is displayed as an ellipsoid that can be distorted to represent primary and secondary anisotropies and rotated to represent heading, dip, and roll. Overall scale and translation are provided as visual aids to compare the variogram to the data, though these do not affect the actual variogram.

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputInput Geologic FieldFieldThe main geologic field input for the module.
InputInput External GridFieldA field containing an external grid to use for the output. (Advanced Version Only)
InputInput External DataFieldA field containing external data to use instead of reading a file. (Advanced Version Only)
InputInput FilenameStringFile used to estimate analytical data.
OutputOutput FilenameStringFile used to estimate analytical data.
OutputOutput FieldFieldThe main output field with analytical data added.
OutputStatus InformationStringText containing the full status information output from the module.
OutputOutput ObjectRenderableA renderable object displaying the uncertainty sphere(s) and variography created by the module. Output even when Allow Run is off.
OutputAnalytical Grid DataRealizationInformation required for direct exporting of raw analytical grid data.
OutputInterpolation OptionsInterpolation OptionsInformation about the interpolation settings such as variogram parameters and number of points used in interpolation.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Allow RunBooleanControls whether the module will run when applications are loaded or data changes. When on, the module runs when applications are loaded or the Execute button is pushed. When off, the module will not run unless Execute is pressed.
FilenameFileThe file containing the data to interpolate onto the created grid.
Data ComponentIntegerSelects which property value in the analyte file will be kriged. The default value of -1 results in kriging of all data components in the file.
ExecuteButtonForces the module to run. If pressed and the application saved, the module will run when the application is loaded.
Z ScaleDoubleThe vertical exaggeration to apply to the variogram and the uncertainty sphere.

Grid Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Grid CoordinatesCoordinatesDefines the coordinate domain within the data set in which kriging will be completed. Min and Max values are only used when the Rectilinear option is selected.
X ResolutionIntegerThe number of grid nodes in the model horizontal domain.
Y ResolutionIntegerThe number of grid nodes in the model vertical domain.
Z ResolutionIntegerThe number of grid nodes in the model elevation domain.
Layers From GeologyChoice: Make Single Layer, Use all HorizonsUsed with the input geology port. Controls whether to create a single layer or a layer for each horizon.
Min Cells Per LayerIntegerThe minimum number of cells in the Z direction per layer. Used when proportionally gridding an input geologic grid.
Cells Per LayerIntegerThe number of cells in the Z direction per layer when not using proportional gridding.
Proportional GriddingChoice: Cells Per Layer, Proportional Z ResolutionWhen multiple geologic layers exist, apportions cells to layers in Z based on each layer’s average thickness, subject to the Min Cells Per Layer parameter.
Grid TypeChoice: Uniform or Structured Field, Irregular MeshThe type of grid to create for interpolation.
Adaptive GriddingBooleanRefines the grid automatically to place grid nodes at all measured data points, ensuring the output honors all measured locations exactly.
Adaptive Gridding LimitIntegerTurns off adaptive gridding when the number of sample points exceeds this value.
Adaptive Value PriorityChoice: Favor Min Values, Favor Max ValuesSpecifies the criteria for which sample to use for adaptive gridding when more than one sample is contained by the same grid cell.
Minimum Layer ThicknessDoubleThe smallest vertical height of each cell.
Reverse Surface HierarchyBooleanDefines layers starting from the bottom to the top.
Boundary OffsetDoubleCreates a domain larger than the input data along all three axes.

Data Processing

PropertyTypeDescription
Data ProcessingChoice: Linear Processing, Log ProcessingAllows the module to be run in either linear or log space.
Data ScalingDoubleA value by which all nodal data values will be multiplied before kriging.
Pre Clip MinDoubleAny nodal property value less than this number will be replaced during preprocessing.
Pre Clip MaxDoubleAny nodal property value greater than this number will be replaced during preprocessing.
Less Than MultiplierDoubleApplied when reading a file with values flagged with the ‘<’ character. Multiplies the file value by this multiplier.
Detection LimitDoubleAffects file values set with the ‘ND’ or other non-detect flags. The module inserts a value equal to (Detection Limit * Less Than Multiplier).
Post Clip MinDoubleThe smallest nodal value that will be present in the output data field.
Post Clip MaxDoubleThe largest nodal value that will be present in the output data field.
Auto Exponentiate External Log DataBooleanDetects if data imported via the External Data port has been log processed and exponentiates it, avoiding double log processing.
External DataMulti-selectSelects which data components from the External Data port to use for interpolation.

Krig Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Estimation TypeChoice: Kriging, IDW (Shepard), IDW (Franke/Nielson), Nearest Neighbor, FastRBFThe method for interpolating file data onto the created grid.
ReachDoubleThe radial distance from any given model node that the module will look for data points. Setting to 0 causes the module to calculate a reach approximately two-thirds of the longest distance between any two data points.
Points In ReachIntegerThe maximum number of data points within the reach to consider for parameter estimation at a model node.
Octant SearchBooleanWhen selected, searching is performed for each of the eight octants surrounding the point to be kriged.
Use All PointsBooleanCauses the module to include samples up to the All Points Limit value. If the number of samples exceeds the limit, Reach and Points In Reach settings are used.
All Points LimitIntegerThe maximum number of points to use when interpolating. If there are more samples than this value, Reach and Points In Reach settings will be used.
Statistical Confidence ToleranceDoubleSpecifies the interval in linear space around the kriged model estimates to which the kriging confidence or uncertainty applies.
Statistical Confidence FactorDoubleSpecifies the interval in log space around the kriged model estimates to which the kriging confidence or uncertainty applies.
Min Max ConfidenceDoubleSpecifies the interval around the kriged model estimates to which the kriging confidence or uncertainty applies.
IDW PowerDoubleUsed with Inverse Distance Weighting. Greater values increase the influence of values closest to the interpolated point.
Variogram And AnisotropyVariogramControls the semi-variogram model and 3D anisotropy settings for kriging.

Time Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Chem File Is Time DomainBooleanCauses the file to be read as a time file, with values interpolated first to the set date and then to the grid.
Specify Date By ComponentBooleanAllows the Data Component value to select a date, resulting in exact data at a date instead of an interpolated value.
Date For InterpolationDateThe date of interest. Used with the Interpolation Type to determine the value of a sample before interpolation onto the grid.
Analyte NameStringThe analyte name for date files.
Date Interpolation MethodChoice: Direct Interpolation Only, Interpolate Only, Interpolate and Extrapolate Beyond, Interpolate and ExtrapolateDefines how to interpolate when given unsampled times in a file.
TCF File NameFileThe output TCF file name. When the module runs, it loops through each component and creates an EFB file; the dates and filenames are added to the TCF file.
Create TCFButtonCauses the module to run in a loop, going through each component and creating an EFB file at that time. These EFB files are linked together in the specified TCF file.

Data To Export

PropertyTypeDescription
Auxillary Kriging DataMulti-select: Max Plume, Min Plume, Statistical Confidence, Standard Deviation, Statistical UncertaintySelects which kriging-derived data components to include in the output field on a node by node basis. Available when using Kriging estimation.
Geologic Nodal DataMulti-select: Layer Thickness, Depth, ElevationSelects which geologic data components to generate for the output field on a node by node basis. For structured grids, Layer Thickness is exported as cell data.
Geologic Cell DataMulti-select: Material ID, Geo LayerSelects which geologic data components to generate for the output field on a cell by cell basis.

Display Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Uncertainty Spheres To DisplayMulti-selectSelects which uncertainty spheres to display. There is one sphere per analyte, each reflecting the location of maximum uncertainty for that analyte.

Variography Display

PropertyTypeDescription
Display Variogram EllipsoidBooleanDisplays the variography ellipsoid in the viewport.
Ellipsoid OpacityDoubleSets the opacity of the ellipsoid.
ResolutionIntegerThe resolution of the ellipsoid. Larger numbers create more detailed representations.
Ellipsoid ScaleDoubleScales the ellipsoid equally along each axis.
X OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the x axis.
Y OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the y axis.
Z OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the z axis.
Ellipsoid ColorColorThe color of the variogram ellipsoid.
Display Variogram LinesBooleanDisplays lines aligned with the variography ellipsoid.
Line ScaleDoubleA scalar that sets the length of the variogram lines relative to the scale of the ellipsoid.
Primary Ratio ColorColorThe color of the primary ratio axis line.
Secondary Ratio ColorColorThe color of the secondary ratio axis line.
Tertiary Axis ColorColorThe color of the tertiary axis line.

Drill Guide

PropertyTypeDescription
Create DG FileButtonRuns the module in a loop, creating a synthetic boring at the maximum uncertainty location until the Number Of Synthetic Samples is reached.
Synthetic Sample PrefixStringAllows the user to alter the prefix string for generated synthetic boring names.
Number Of Synthetic SamplesIntegerControls how many times drill guide will run.
Boring SamplesIntegerIndicates how many samples to create at each synthetic boring.
Target ConcentrationBooleanWhen selected, changes the location of the uncertainty sphere based upon the specified Target Isolevel.
Target IsolevelDoubleWhen Target Concentration is selected, this value is used to change the location of the uncertainty sphere.
User PointsCoordinatesManages points added to the grid for drill guide purposes to eliminate areas of high uncertainty that cannot be drilled, such as under a building.

2d estimation

2d estimation performs parameter estimation using kriging and other methods to map 2D analytical data onto surface grids defined by the limits of the data set as rectilinear or convex hull extents of the input data.

Its Adaptive Gridding feature further subdivides individual elements to place a “kriged” node at the location of each input data sample. This guarantees that the output will accurately reflect the input at all measured locations (i.e. the maximum in the output will be the maximum of the input).

The DrillGuide functionality produces a new input data file with a synthetic boring at the location of maximum uncertainty calculated from the previous kriging estimates, which can then be rerun to find the next area of highest uncertainty. The naming of the “DrillGuide©” file which is created when 2d estimation is run with all types of analyte (e.g. chemistry) files ends in apdv1, apdv2, apdv3, etc. There are no limits to the number of cycles that may be run.

2d estimation also provides special data processing options that allow it to extract 2-dimensional data sets from input data files containing three-dimensional data, and allows detailed analyses of property characteristics along 2-dimensional planes through the data set. The module also provides options to magnify or distort the resulting grid by the kriged value of the property at each grid node, and allows automatic clamping of the data distribution along a boundary offset from the convex hull of the data domain.

Variogram Options:

There are three variogram options:

  1. Spherical: the default and recommended choice for most applications
  2. Exponential: generally gives similar results to Spherical and may be superior for some datasets
  3. Gaussian: notoriously unstable, but can “smooth” your data with an appropriate nugget. Without a nugget term, Gaussian is generally unusable. If you find that Gaussian kriging is overshooting the plume, your nugget is likely too small; if the plume looks overly smooth, your nugget is likely too big.

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputInput External GridFieldA field containing an external grid to use for the output. (Advanced Version Only)
InputInput External DataFieldA field containing external data to use instead of reading a file. (Advanced Version Only)
InputInput FilenameStringFile used to estimate analytical data.
OutputOutput FilenameStringFile used to estimate analytical data.
OutputOutput FieldFieldThe main output field with analytical data added.
OutputStatus InformationStringText containing the full status information output from the module.
OutputSurfaceRenderableA renderable object displaying the component surface.
OutputAnalytical Grid DataRealizationInformation required for direct exporting of raw analytical grid data.
OutputInterpolation OptionsInterpolation OptionsInformation about the interpolation settings such as variogram parameters and number of points used in interpolation.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Allow RunBooleanControls whether the module will run when applications are loaded or data changes. When on, the module runs when applications are loaded or the Execute button is pushed. When off, the module will not run unless Execute is pressed.
FilenameFileThe file containing the data to interpolate onto the created grid.
Data ComponentIntegerSelects which property value in the analyte file will be kriged. The default value of -1 results in kriging of all data components in the file.
Data PriorityChoice: Maximum Values, Minimum ValuesAffects which samples are adaptively gridded.
ExecuteButtonForces the module to run. If pressed and the application saved, the module will run when the application is loaded.
Z ScaleDoubleThe vertical exaggeration to apply to the variogram, the uncertainty sphere, and the output surface.

Grid Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Grid TypeChoice: Rectilinear, Convex HullThe type of grid to create for interpolation. Convex Hull creates a model with irregular boundaries defined by the extent of the measured data points.
Grid CoordinatesCoordinatesDefines the coordinate domain within the data set in which kriging will be completed. Min and Max values are only used when Rectilinear is selected.
X ResolutionIntegerThe number of grid nodes in the model horizontal domain.
Y ResolutionIntegerThe number of grid nodes in the model vertical domain.
Adaptive GriddingBooleanRefines the grid automatically to place grid nodes at all measured data points, ensuring the output honors all measured locations exactly.
Adaptive Gridding LimitIntegerTurns off adaptive gridding when the number of sample points exceeds this value.
Boundary OffsetDoubleThe distance in user units that the grid coordinate range for the kriging domain will be set outside of the actual coordinate range of the data.

Data Processing

PropertyTypeDescription
Data ProcessingChoice: Linear Processing, Log ProcessingAllows the module to be run in either linear or log space.
Data ScalingDoubleA value by which all nodal data values will be multiplied before kriging.
Pre Clip MinDoubleAny nodal property value less than this number will be replaced during preprocessing.
Pre Clip MaxDoubleAny nodal property value greater than this number will be replaced during preprocessing.
LT MultiplierDoubleApplied when reading a file with values flagged with the ‘<’ character. Multiplies the file value by this multiplier.
Detection LimitDoubleAffects file values set with the ‘ND’ or other non-detect flags. The module inserts a value equal to (Detection Limit * LT Multiplier).
Collapse MethodChoice: Max, MinThe method for extracting data within a depth interval when multiple samples exist. Duplicate samples at the same x, y, z coordinates are averaged first.
Distance To CollapseDoubleThe maximum distance in 2D that points will be considered coincident. Coincident points will be dropped depending on the Collapse Method.
Post Clip MinDoubleThe smallest nodal value that will be present in the output data field.
Post Clip MaxDoubleThe largest nodal value that will be present in the output data field.
Auto Exponentiate External Log DataBooleanDetects if data imported via the External Data port has been log processed and exponentiates it, avoiding double log processing.
External DataMulti-selectSelects which data components from the External Data port to use for interpolation.

Krig Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Estimation TypeChoice: Kriging, IDW (Shepard), IDW (Franke/Nielson), Nearest Neighbor, FastRBF, Natural NeighborsThe method for interpolating file data onto the created grid.
Use GradientsBooleanUsed with Natural Neighbor interpolation. When on, gradients estimated at sample points improve the interpolation result.
ReachDoubleThe radial distance from any given model node that the module will look for data points. Setting to 0 causes the module to calculate a reach approximately two-thirds of the longest distance between any two data points.
Points In ReachIntegerThe maximum number of data points within the reach to consider for parameter estimation at a model node.
Quadrant SearchBooleanWhen selected, searching is performed for each of the four quadrilaterals surrounding the point to be kriged.
Use All PointsBooleanCauses the module to include samples up to the All Points Limit value. If the number of samples exceeds the limit, Reach and Points In Reach settings are used.
All Points LimitIntegerThe maximum number of points to use when interpolating. If there are more samples than this value, Reach and Points In Reach settings will be used.
Statistical Confidence ToleranceDoubleSpecifies the interval in linear space around the kriged model estimates to which the kriging confidence or uncertainty applies.
Statistical Confidence FactorDoubleSpecifies the interval in log space around the kriged model estimates to which the kriging confidence or uncertainty applies.
Min Max ConfidenceDoubleSpecifies the interval around the kriged model estimates to which the kriging confidence or uncertainty applies.
IDW PowerDoubleUsed with Inverse Distance Weighting. Greater values increase the influence of values closest to the interpolated point.
Variogram And AnisotropyVariogramControls the semi-variogram model and anisotropy settings for kriging.

Time Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Chem File Is Time DomainBooleanCauses the file to be read as a time file, with values interpolated first to the set date and then to the grid.
Specify Date By ComponentBooleanAllows the Data Component value to select a date, resulting in exact data at a date instead of an interpolated value.
Date For InterpolationDateThe date of interest. Used with the Interpolation Type to determine the value of a sample before interpolation onto the grid.
Analyte NameStringThe analyte name for date files.
Date Interpolation MethodChoice: Direct Interpolation Only, Interpolate Only, Interpolate and Extrapolate Beyond, Interpolate and ExtrapolateDefines how to interpolate when given unsampled times in a file.
TCF File NameFileThe output TCF file name. When the module runs, it loops through each component and creates an EFB file; the dates and filenames are added to the TCF file.
Create TCFButtonCauses the module to run in a loop, going through each component and creating an EFB file at that time. These EFB files are linked together in the specified TCF file.

Data To Export

PropertyTypeDescription
Auxillary Kriging DataMulti-select: Max Plume, Min Plume, Statistical Confidence, Standard Deviation, Statistical UncertaintySelects which data components generated during kriging to include in the output field on a node by node basis. Available when using Kriging estimation.

Display Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Display Output SurfaceBooleanControls whether the output surface is displayed.
Surface Distortion ComponentChoiceSets the z value at each node to the selected nodal data component, distorting the surface. Can be linked to or independent from the displayed component.
Display Sphere ToggleMulti-selectTurns on or off the spheres representing the locations of maximum uncertainty.

Variography Display

PropertyTypeDescription
Display Variogram EllipseBooleanDisplays the variography ellipse in the viewport.
Ellipse OpacityDoubleSets the opacity of the ellipse.
ResolutionIntegerThe resolution of the ellipse. Larger numbers create more detailed representations.
Ellipse ScaleDoubleScales the ellipse equally along each axis.
X OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the x axis.
Y OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the y axis.
Z OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the z axis.
Ellipse ColorColorThe color of the variogram ellipse.
Display Variogram LinesBooleanDisplays lines aligned with the variography ellipse.
Line ScaleDoubleA scalar that sets the length of the variogram lines relative to the scale of the ellipse.
Primary Ratio ColorColorThe color of the primary ratio axis line.
Secondary Ratio ColorColorThe color of the secondary ratio axis line.

Drill Guide

PropertyTypeDescription
Create DG FileButtonRuns the module in a loop, creating a synthetic boring at the maximum uncertainty location until the Number Of Synthetic Samples is reached.
Number Of Synthetic SamplesIntegerControls how many times drill guide will run.
Target ConcentrationBooleanWhen selected, changes the location of the uncertainty sphere based upon the specified Target Isolevel.
Target IsolevelDoubleWhen Target Concentration is selected, this value is used to change the location of the uncertainty sphere.
User PointsCoordinatesManages points added to the grid for drill guide purposes to eliminate areas of high uncertainty that cannot be drilled, such as under a building.

cross validation

The cross validation module evaluates the predictive accuracy of an interpolation model by systematically withholding subsets of the input data, re-running estimation on the remaining samples, and comparing the predicted values against the withheld actuals. Two methods are supported: K-Fold, which divides the data into K subsets that each take a turn as the validation set, and Leave One Out, which validates each individual sample or boring one at a time.

The module accepts interpolation options from an upstream estimation module and outputs a field containing the actual values, predicted values, and their differences. Summary statistics are displayed in the Properties panel after the run completes.

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputInterpolation Options InputInterpolation OptionsThe interpolation options used for the cross-validation.
OutputOutput FieldFieldThe field containing the results of the cross-validation.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Allow RunBooleanControls whether the module will run when applications are loaded or data changes. When on, the module runs automatically on load or when the Execute button is pushed. When off, the module will not run unless Execute is pressed.
ExecuteButtonForces the module to run even if Allow Run has been turned off, allowing multiple changes to be made before updating.
Cross Validation MethodChoice: K-Fold, Leave One OutSpecifies the method used for cross-validation. K-Fold divides the data into K subsets, training on K-1 folds and validating on the remaining fold. Leave One Out is a special case of K-Fold where each unit is left out and validated individually.
Fold UnitChoice: Sample, BoringSpecifies how samples are grouped into folds. Sample treats each individual measurement point as its own unit. Boring groups all measurements from the same borehole together, ensuring entire borings are divided into folds.
Number Of FoldsIntegerThe number of folds to use in K-Fold Cross-Validation. Only applicable when the K-Fold method is selected. A common choice is 5 or 10 folds, but the optimal number depends on the size and characteristics of the dataset.
Random SeedIntegerThe random seed used to ensure reproducibility in the random partitioning of data into folds during K-Fold Cross-Validation. Setting a specific seed guarantees the same data splits each run. A value of -1 uses a random seed based on the current system time, producing different splits each run.

Export Options

PropertyTypeDescription
Write As APDVFileExport the cross-validation results as an APDV file containing the actual values, predicted values, and differences for each sample.

Statistics

PropertyTypeDescription
AnalyteStringThe name of the analyte being evaluated. Read-only display field.
SamplesIntegerThe number of samples used in the cross-validation. Read-only display field.
MethodStringThe cross-validation method that was applied. Read-only display field.
FoldsIntegerThe number of folds used in the cross-validation run. Read-only display field.
Root Mean Square ErrorDoubleThe root mean square error between predicted and actual values. Read-only display field.
Mean Absolute ErrorDoubleThe mean absolute error between predicted and actual values. Read-only display field.
Median Absolute ErrorDoubleThe median absolute error between predicted and actual values. Read-only display field.
Pearson CorrelationDoubleThe Pearson correlation coefficient between predicted and actual values. Read-only display field.
R SquaredDoubleThe R-squared (coefficient of determination) value for the cross-validation results. Read-only display field.

gridding and horizons

The gridding and horizons module uses data files containing geologic horizons or surfaces (usually .geo, .gmf, and other ctech formats) to model the surfaces bounding geologic layers that provide the framework for three-dimensional geologic modeling and parameter estimation. Conversion of scattered points to surfaces uses kriging (default), spline, IDW, or nearest neighbor algorithms.

gridding and horizons creates a 2D grid containing one or more elevations at each node. Each elevation represents a geologic surface at that point in space. The output can be sent to 3d estimation, horizons to 3d, horizons to 3d structured, surfaces from horizons, and other modules.

The module can produce layer surfaces within the convex hull of the data domain, within a rectilinear domain with equally spaced nodes, or within a rectilinear domain with specified cell sizes such as a finite-difference model grid. The finite-difference gridding capability allows the user to visually design a grid with variable spacing, then krige the geologic layer elevations directly to the finite-difference grid nodes.

gridding and horizons also has the ability to read .apdv, .aidv, and .pgf files to create a single geologic layer model. When such a file is read, the module interprets it as geology as follows: if top-of-boring elevations are provided, they define the ground surface; otherwise, the highest sample elevation in each boring is used. The bottom surface is created as a flat surface slightly below the lowest sample in the file.

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputInput FilenameStringFile used to generate the stratigraphic surfaces.
OutputOutput FilenameStringFile used to generate the stratigraphic surfaces.
OutputOutput Geologic FieldFieldThe main geologic field output from the module.
OutputGeologic Legend InformationGeology LegendInformation required to properly label stratigraphic output or lithology within Legend.
OutputGeology Export OutputVistas DataInformation required for direct exporting of geology to other software.
OutputStatus InformationStringText containing the full status information output from the module.
OutputOutput ObjectRenderableA renderable object displaying the grid and variography created by the module. Output even when Allow Run is off.
OutputStratigraphic Grid DataRealizationInformation required for direct exporting of stratigraphic grid data.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Allow RunBooleanDetermines whether the module is allowed to execute. Set to True to allow this module to run.
FilenameFileThe file containing geology data to interpolate to the created grid.
ExecuteButtonAccepts all values and performs interpolation. If clicked and the application saved, the module will run when the application is loaded.
Z ScaleDoubleThe vertical exaggeration to apply to the display objects.

Grid Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Grid TypeChoice: Rectilinear, Convex Hull, Finite DifferenceDefines the nature of the domain that will be kriged. Rectilinear produces a model within a user-specified rectangular domain. Convex Hull produces a model with an irregular boundary defined by the distribution of measured data points. Finite Difference kriges geologic layer elevations directly to finite-difference grid node locations.
Only Create GridBooleanForces the module to exit after gridding is complete with no interpolation performed.
Grid OriginCoordinatesSets the minimum coordinate domain in which kriging of geologic surfaces will be completed. Values default to the minimum of the file data when the module runs.
Grid Maximum ExtentsCoordinatesSets the maximum coordinate domain in which kriging of geologic surfaces will be completed. Disabled for Finite Difference gridding.
X ResolutionIntegerThe number of grid nodes in the model’s X domain.
Y ResolutionIntegerThe number of grid nodes in the model’s Y domain.
Boundary OffsetDoubleSets the distance that the convex hull for the kriging domain will be set outside of the actual convex hull of the data, allowing extrapolation beyond the actual data.
Grid RotationDoubleRotates a finite-difference grid around the Min X, Min Y point.
Finite Difference GridFinite Difference GridAllows creation of a model broken into regions with varying cell sizes. Each region can have any number of cells with sizes that vary using an initial cell size, cells to add, and a cell size change factor.
Display GridBooleanDisplays the grid in the output renderable port.

Krig Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
ReachDoubleThe radial distance from any given model node that the module will look for data points. Setting to 0 causes the module to calculate a reach approximately two-thirds of the longest distance between any two data points.
Points In ReachIntegerThe maximum number of data points within the reach to consider for parameter estimation at a model node.
Quadrant SearchBooleanChanges the method by which data sample points are selected. When on, searching is performed for each of the four quadrants surrounding the point to be kriged.
Use All DataBooleanCauses all data points to be used when kriging, not just those within the reach. Provides the smoothest surfaces and can be faster in some cases.
Max Points For Use All DataIntegerProvides a cap for large models. If the number of points in the file exceeds this cap, the reach/points method will be used instead.
Estimate In Thickness SpaceBooleanUsed for .geo files. When on, surfaces cannot rise above the surfaces above them unless flagged as pinched values. When off, pinch flags are ignored and each surface is kriged independently.
Bottom In Thickness SpaceBooleanCauses the last horizon to be treated in thickness space as well as the middle horizons.
Pinch FactorDoubleControls where pinching occurs between positive thicknesses and borings with the pinch flag. The default of 1.0 causes pinching to occur approximately halfway between positive thicknesses and pinch-flagged borings.
Points In PinchIntegerDetermines how many of the nearest points will be used to determine the estimated thickness at the pinch flag location.
Use GradientsBooleanUsed with Natural Neighbor interpolation. When on, gradients estimated at sample points improve the interpolation result.
Estimation MethodChoice: Kriging, Spline, IDW (Shepard), IDW (Franke/Nielson), Nearest Neighbor, FastRBF, Natural NeighborsThe method for interpolating data onto the created grid.
Variogram And AnisotropyVariogramControls the semi-variogram model and 2D anisotropy settings for kriging.

Computational Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Computational Surface TypeChoice: None, Heading-Dip Plane, Elevation, DepthSelects the type of computational surface to add to the output. A computational surface should be created after the initial gridding is complete.
Include SurfaceBooleanAllows a user-selected surface from the file to be included in the output.
Include Surface NumberIntegerSets which surface number to include when Include Surface is selected.
Surface PositionChoice: Include Above, Include BelowSpecifies whether the included surface is above or below the computational surface.
Heading Dip ValueHeading/DipThe heading and dip values used to align the computational surface when Heading-Dip Plane is selected.
ElevationDoubleThe elevation to translate the heading-dip plane by.
Anchor PointCoordinatesThe anchor point values to translate the heading-dip plane by.
Material IDIntegerThe material ID for the generated surface when using Heading-Dip Plane.
Surface NameStringThe surface name for the generated surface when using Heading-Dip Plane.
Elevation SurfacesElevation SurfacesDefines computational surfaces based on set elevations. Each surface specifies an elevation, material number, and surface name.
Depth FromChoice: Top, Surface Number, BottomThe method for determining the starting elevation from which each depth is measured.
Surface NumberIntegerThe surface number to compute depths from when Depth From is set to Surface Number.
Depth LayersDepth LayersDefines computational layers based on depth from the selected surface. Each layer specifies a depth, material number, and layer name.

Variography Display

PropertyTypeDescription
Display Variogram EllipseBooleanDisplays the variography ellipse in the viewport.
Ellipse OpacityDoubleSets the opacity of the ellipse.
ResolutionIntegerThe resolution of the ellipse. Larger numbers create more detailed representations.
Ellipse ScaleDoubleScales the ellipse equally along each axis.
X OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the x axis.
Y OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the y axis.
Z OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the z axis.
Ellipse ColorColorThe color of the variogram ellipse.
Display Variogram LinesBooleanDisplays lines aligned with the variography ellipse.
Line ScaleDoubleA scalar that sets the length of the variogram lines relative to the scale of the ellipse.
Primary Ratio ColorColorThe color of the primary ratio axis line.
Secondary Ratio ColorColorThe color of the secondary ratio axis line.

analytical realization

The analytical realization module is one of three similar modules (the other two are lithologic realization and stratigraphic realization), which allows you to very quickly generate statistical realizations of your 2D and 3D kriged models based upon C Tech’s Proprietary Extended Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation (GGS) technology, which we refer to as Fast Geostatistical Realizations^®^ or FGR^®^. Our extensions to GGS allow you to:

  • Create realizations very rapidly
  • Exercise greater control over the frequency and magnitude of noise typical in GGS
  • Control deviation magnitudes from the nominal kriged prediction based on a Min Max Confidence Equivalent
    • Deviations are the absolute value of the changes to the analytical prediction (in user units)
  • Apply Simple or Advanced Anisotropy control over 2D or 3D wavelengths

C Tech’s FGR^®^ creates more plausible cases (realizations) which allow the nominal concentrations to deviate from the peak of the bell curve (equal probability of being an under-prediction as an over-prediction) by the same user-defined confidence. FGR allows the deviations to be both positive (max) and negative (min), and to fluctuate in a more realistic randomized manner.

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputAnalytical Grid DataRealizationInformation required for direct exporting of analytical grid data.
OutputOutput FieldFieldThe main output field representing geologic materials.
OutputDeviations FieldFieldA field containing deviation values by which the data has been shifted.
OutputOutput ObjectRenderableA renderable object displaying the variography created by the module. Output even when Allow Run is off.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Allow RunBooleanControls whether the module will run when applications are loaded or data changes. When on, the module runs when applications are loaded or the Execute button is pushed. When off, the module will not run unless Execute is pressed.
ExecuteButtonForces the module to run even if the Allow Run toggle has been turned off. Allows the user to make a number of changes before updating.
Realization MethodChoice: Random Shift, Min-Max PlumeSelects the type of modification applied to the analytical data.
Nodal Data ComponentChoiceSelects which nodal data will be modified.

Fast Geostatistical Realization

PropertyTypeDescription
Randomness Generator TypeChoice: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4Determines the nature of the Realization deviation patterns.
AnisotropyAnisotropyControls the anisotropy of the realization noise via heading, dip, roll, and axis ratios.
SeedDoubleUsed in the random number generator to make realizations reproducible.
WavelengthDoubleAffects the Randomness Generator. This value is in your coordinate system units. Small values produce an output with higher frequency changes.
Min Max Confidence EquivalentDoubleRealization deviations from the nominal kriged results will be constrained to lie within the equivalent Min/Max (plume) bounds. Must lie between 51.00% and 99.995%. Theoretically 50% is the same as the nominal kriged result.

Min Max Plume Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
Min Max ConfidenceDoubleSpecifies what interval around the kriged model estimates the kriging confidence or uncertainty will apply to.
Auxillary Realization DataMulti-select: Max Plume, Min PlumeSelects which data components generated during realization to generate for the output field on a node by node basis.

Variography Display

PropertyTypeDescription
Variography Z ScaleDoubleThe vertical exaggeration to be applied to the output variography ellipsoid and lines.
Display Variogram EllipsoidBooleanAllows the user to display the variography ellipsoid.
Ellipsoid OpacityDoubleSets the opacity of the ellipsoid directly.
ResolutionIntegerThe resolution to use for the ellipsoid. Larger numbers create more detailed representations.
Ellipsoid ScaleDoubleScales the ellipsoid equally along each axis.
X OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the x axis.
Y OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the y axis.
Z OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the z axis.
Ellipsoid ColorColorThe ellipsoid is a solid color which can be selected using this control.
Display Variogram LinesBooleanAllows the user to display lines aligned with the variography ellipsoid.
Line ScaleDoubleA scalar that sets the length of the variogram lines relative to the scale of the ellipsoid.
Primary Ratio ColorColorThe primary ratio axis color.
Secondary Ratio ColorColorThe secondary ratio axis color.
Tertiary Axis ColorColorThe tertiary axis color.

stratigraphic realization

The stratigraphic realization module is one of three similar modules (the other two are analytical realization and lithologic realization), which allows you to very quickly generate statistical realizations of your stratigraphic horizons based upon C Tech’s Proprietary Extended Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation (GGS), which we refer to as Fast Geostatistical Realizations^®^ or FGR^®^. Our extensions to GGS allow you to:

  • Create realizations rapidly
  • Exercise greater control over the frequency and magnitude of noise typical in GGS
  • Control deviation magnitudes from the nominal kriged prediction based on a Min Max Confidence Equivalent
    • Deviations are the absolute value of the changes to surface elevations for each stratigraphic horizon
  • Apply Simple or Advanced Anisotropy control over 2D wavelengths
  • For stratigraphic realizations only: Natural Neighbor interpolation is supported in addition to kriging for the input model.

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputStratigraphic Grid DataRealizationInformation required for direct exporting of stratigraphic grid data.
OutputOutput FieldFieldThe main output field representing geologic materials.
OutputDeviations FieldFieldA field containing deviation values by which the data has been shifted.
OutputOutput ObjectRenderableA renderable object displaying the variography created by the module. Output even when Allow Run is off.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Allow RunBooleanControls whether the module will run when applications are loaded or data changes. When on, the module runs when applications are loaded or the Execute button is pushed. When off, the module will not run unless Execute is pressed.
ExecuteButtonForces the module to run. If pressed and the application saved, it will cause the module to run when the application is loaded.

Fast Geostatistical Realization

PropertyTypeDescription
Randomness Generator TypeChoice: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4Determines the nature of the Realization deviation patterns.
AnisotropyAnisotropyControls the anisotropy of the realization noise via heading and horizontal ratio.
SeedIntegerUsed in the random number generator to make realizations reproducible.
WavelengthDoubleAffects the Randomness Generator. This value is in your coordinate system units. Small values produce an output with higher frequency changes.
Min Max Confidence EquivalentDoubleRealization deviations from the nominal kriged results will be constrained to lie within the equivalent Min/Max (plume) bounds. Must lie between 51.00% and 99.995%. Theoretically 50% is the same as the nominal kriged result.

Variography Display

PropertyTypeDescription
Variography Z ScaleDoubleSets the vertical scaling of the variography ellipse and lines.
Display Variogram EllipseBooleanAllows the user to display the variography ellipse.
Ellipse OpacityDoubleSets the opacity of the ellipse directly.
ResolutionIntegerThe resolution to use for the ellipse. Larger numbers create more detailed representations.
Ellipse ScaleDoubleScales the ellipse equally along each axis.
X OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the x axis.
Y OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the y axis.
Z OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipse along the z axis.
Ellipse ColorColorThe ellipse is a solid color which can be selected using this control.
Display Variogram LinesBooleanAllows the user to display lines aligned with the variography ellipse.
Line ScaleDoubleA scalar that sets the length of the variogram lines relative to the scale of the ellipse.
Primary Ratio ColorColorThe primary ratio axis color.
Secondary Ratio ColorColorThe secondary ratio axis color.

lithologic realization

The lithologic realization module is one of three similar modules (the other two are analytical realization and stratigraphic realization), which allows you to very quickly generate statistical realizations of your 2D and 3D lithologic models based upon C Tech’s Proprietary Extended Gaussian Geostatistical Simulation (GGS), which we refer to as Fast Geostatistical Realizations^®^ or FGR^®^. Our extensions to GGS allow you to:

  • Create realizations rapidly
    • Lithologic realizations are the slowest of the three because the material probabilities must be additionally processed to assign materials
  • Exercise greater control over the frequency and magnitude of visual noise typical of GGS
  • Control deviation magnitudes from the nominal kriged probability prediction based on a Min Max Confidence Equivalent
    • Deviations are the absolute value of the changes to each material’s probability
  • Apply Simple or Advanced Anisotropy control over 2D or 3D wavelengths

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputIndicator Grid DataRealizationInformation required for direct exporting of indicator grid data.
OutputOutput FieldFieldThe main output field representing geologic materials.
OutputDeviations FieldFieldA field containing deviation values by which the data has been shifted.
OutputOutput ObjectRenderableA renderable object displaying the variography created by the module. Output even when Allow Run is off.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Allow RunBooleanControls whether the module will run when applications are loaded or data changes. When on, the module runs when applications are loaded or the Execute button is pushed. When off, the module will not run unless Execute is pressed.
ExecuteButtonForces the module to run. If pressed and the application saved, it will cause the module to run when the application is loaded.

Fast Geostatistical Realization

PropertyTypeDescription
Randomness Generator TypeChoice: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4Determines the nature of the Realization deviation patterns.
AnisotropyAnisotropyControls the anisotropy of the realization noise via heading, dip, roll, and axis ratios.
SeedIntegerUsed in the random number generator to make realizations reproducible.
WavelengthDoubleAffects the Randomness Generator. This value is in your coordinate system units. Small values produce an output with higher frequency changes.
Min Max Confidence EquivalentDoubleRealization deviations from the nominal kriged results will be constrained to lie within the equivalent Min/Max (plume) bounds. Must lie between 51.00% and 99.995%. Theoretically 50% is the same as the nominal kriged result.

Data To Export

PropertyTypeDescription
Geologic Nodal DataMulti-select: Layer Thickness, Depth, ElevationSelects which data components to generate for the output field on a node by node basis.
Geologic Cell DataMulti-select: Material ID, Geo LayerSelects which data components to generate for the output field on a cell by cell basis.
ProbabilityBooleanExports a data value that describes the probability of that cell or node being the chosen material.
Probabilities By MaterialBooleanExports a data value that describes the probability of that cell or node being each of the different materials.

Variography Display

PropertyTypeDescription
Variography Z ScaleDoubleThe vertical exaggeration to be applied to the output variography ellipsoid and lines.
Display Variogram EllipsoidBooleanAllows the user to display the variography ellipsoid.
Ellipsoid OpacityDoubleSets the opacity of the ellipsoid directly.
ResolutionIntegerThe resolution to use for the ellipsoid. Larger numbers create more detailed representations.
Ellipsoid ScaleDoubleScales the ellipsoid equally along each axis.
X OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the x axis.
Y OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the y axis.
Z OffsetDoubleTranslates the ellipsoid along the z axis.
Ellipsoid ColorColorThe ellipsoid is a solid color which can be selected using this control.
Display Variogram LinesBooleanAllows the user to display lines aligned with the variography ellipsoid.
Line ScaleDoubleA scalar that sets the length of the variogram lines relative to the scale of the ellipsoid.
Primary Ratio ColorColorThe primary ratio axis color.
Secondary Ratio ColorColorThe secondary ratio axis color.
Tertiary Axis ColorColorThe tertiary axis color.

lithologic assessment

The lithologic assessment module evaluates the quality of a lithologic model on an individual material basis. It works by shifting the realization probabilities toward the minimum or maximum plume bounds for a selected material, producing an output field that reflects a conservative or aggressive interpretation of material extent.

The assessment procedure is:

  • Select the material to be assessed.
  • Choose a Min Max Confidence Equivalent value (e.g., 95%). A value of 50% produces results equivalent to the nominal kriged model; higher confidence values (90%+) show greater deviation from the nominal.
  • Select the direction (Min or Max) to shift toward.
  • Choose the nodal and cell data components to include in the output.

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputIndicator Grid DataRealizationInformation required for direct exporting of indicator grid data.
OutputOutput FieldFieldThe main output field representing geologic materials.
OutputDeviations FieldFieldA field containing deviation values by which the data has been shifted.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Allow RunBooleanControls whether the module will run when applications are loaded or data changes. When on, the module runs automatically on load or when Execute is pressed. When off, the module will not run unless Execute is pressed.
ExecuteButtonForces the module to run. If pressed and the application is saved, the module will also run when the application is next loaded.

Shift Settings

PropertyTypeDescription
MaterialChoiceControls which material is used for assessment. The available options are populated from the connected indicator grid data.
Min Max Confidence EquivalentDoubleRealization deviations from the nominal kriged results will be constrained to lie within the equivalent Min/Max (plume) bounds. Must be between 50% and 99.995%. A value of 50% is equivalent to the nominal kriged result.
DirectionChoice: Min, MaxControls whether the assessment shifts toward the minimum or maximum plume bound.

Data To Export

PropertyTypeDescription
Geologic Nodal DataMulti-select: Layer Thickness, Depth, ElevationSelects which data components to generate for the output field on a node-by-node basis.
Geologic Cell DataMulti-select: Material ID, Geo LayerSelects which data components to generate for the output field on a cell-by-cell basis.
ProbabilityBooleanWhen enabled, exports a data value describing the probability of each cell or node being the chosen material.
Probabilities By MaterialBooleanWhen enabled, exports a data value describing the probability of each cell or node being each of the different materials.

external kriging

The external kriging module allows users to perform estimation using grids created in EVS (with or without layers or lithology) in GeoEAS, which supports advanced variography and kriging techniques. Grids and data are exported from EVS in GeoEAS format, kriged externally, and the results can then be read back into EVS and treated as if they were kriged natively.

This is an advanced module intended for users with experience in GeoEAS and geostatistics. C Tech does not provide technical support for the use of GeoEAS.

The workflow has three stages: export the data (Export Data group), export the grid (Export Grid group), run the external kriging in GeoEAS, then import the results (Import Data group).

Ports

DirectionNameTypeDescription
InputZ ScaleNumberThe factor for vertical scaling.
InputInput DataFieldA field containing nodal data to be exported for kriging.
InputInput GridFieldA field for the grid to which data will be kriged.
OutputOutputFieldA field containing the selected imported data.

Properties

PropertyTypeDescription
Z ScaleDoubleThe vertical exaggeration applied to ensure that external kriging occurs in the correct coordinate space.
Translate CoordinatesBooleanWhen enabled, translates the entire model back to the origin based on the Translate Values input. If the input values are left at 0.0, the translation is calculated based on the centroid of the model.
Translate ValuesCoordinates (X, Y, Z)If Translate Coordinates is enabled, translates the entire model back to the origin using these X, Y, and Z values. If left at 0.0, the values are calculated from the centroid of the model.

Export Data

PropertyTypeDescription
Exponentiate Exported Log DataBooleanIf any nodal data is log-processed, enabling this toggle will exponentiate it before export.
Export Nodal Data For OutputMulti-selectSelects the nodal data components to include in the exported data file. Options are populated from the connected input data field.
Export Data FilenameFileThe filename for the exported data file (GeoEAS format).

Export Grid Requires Grid

PropertyTypeDescription
Exponentiate Log Grid DataBooleanIf there is log-processed data on the grid, enabling this toggle will exponentiate it when exported.
Nodal Data For Grid OutputMulti-selectSelects the nodal data components to include in the exported grid file. Options are populated from the connected input data field.
Export Grid FilenameFileThe filename for the exported grid file (GeoEAS format).

Import Data Requires Grid

PropertyTypeDescription
Import Data FilenameFileThe data file to import after external kriging has been performed in GeoEAS.
ExecuteButtonForces the module to import the specified data file. Only enabled when an import filename has been specified.